浏览器选项

这些capabilities用于所有浏览器.

在 Selenium 3 中, capabilities是借助"Desired Capabilities"类定义于会话中的. 从 Selenium 4 开始, 您必须使用浏览器选项类. 对于远程驱动程序会话, 浏览器选项实例是必需的, 因为它确定将使用哪个浏览器.

这些选项在 Capabilities 的 w3c 规范中进行了描述.

每个浏览器都有自定义选项 , 是规范定义之外的内容.

browserName

Browser name is set by default when using an Options class instance.

Add Example

browserVersion

This capability is optional, this is used to set the available browser version at remote end. In recent versions of Selenium, if the version is not found on the system, it will be automatically downloaded by Selenium Manager

Add Example

pageLoadStrategy

共有三种类型的页面加载策略.

页面加载策略可以在此链接查询 document.readyState , 如下表所述:

策略	就绪状态	备注
normal	complete	默认值, 等待所有资源下载
eager	interactive	DOM 访问已准备就绪, 但诸如图像的其他资源可能仍在加载
none	Any	完全不会阻塞 WebDriver

文档的 document.readyState 属性描述当前文档的加载状态.

当通过URL导航到新页面时, 默认情况下, WebDriver将暂缓完成导航方法 (例如, driver.navigate().get())直到文档就绪状态完成. 这 并非意味着该页面已完成加载, 特别是对于使用 JavaScript 在就绪状态返回完成后动态加载内容单页应用程序的站点. 另请注意此行为不适用于单击元素或提交表单后出现的导航行为.

如果由于下载对自动化不重要的资源(例如, 图像、css、js) 而需要很长时间才能加载页面, 您可以将默认参数normal更改为 eager 或 none 以加快会话加载速度. 此值适用于整个会话, 因此请确保您的等待策略足够普适.

normal (默认值)

WebDriver一直等到 load 事件触发并返回.

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class pageLoadStrategy {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://google.com");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Normal;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :normal

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com')

    it('Navigate using normal page loading strategy', async function () {
      let driver = await env
        .builder()
        .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal'))
        .build();

      await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

eager

WebDriver一直等到 DOMContentLoaded 事件触发并返回.

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class pageLoadStrategy {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://google.com");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Eager;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :eager

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com')

    it('Navigate using eager page loading strategy', async function () {
      let driver = await env
        .builder()
        .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('eager'))
        .build();

      await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

none

WebDriver 仅等待初始页面已下载.

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class pageLoadStrategy {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
    try {
      // Navigate to Url
      driver.get("https://google.com");
    } finally {
      driver.quit();
    }
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'none'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.None;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :none

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com')

    it('Navigate using none page loading strategy', async function () {
      let driver = await env
        .builder()
        .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('none'))
        .build();

      await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

platformName

这标识了远端的操作系统, 获取 platformName 将返回操作系统的名称.

在基于云的供应者中, 设置 platformName 将在远程端设置操作系统.

Add Example

acceptInsecureCerts

此功能检查在会话期间导航时是否使用了过期的 (或) 无效的 TLS Certificate .

如果将功能设置为 false, 则页面浏览遇到任何域证书问题时, 将返回insecure certificate error . 如果设置为 true, 则浏览器将信任无效证书.

默认情况下, 此功能将信任所有自签名证书. 设置后, acceptInsecureCerts 功能将在整个会话中生效.

Add Example

timeouts

WebDriver session 具有一定的 session timeout 间隔, 在此间隔内, 用户可以控制执行脚本或从浏览器检索信息的行为.

每个会话超时都配置有不同 timeouts 的组合, 如下所述:

Script Timeout:

指定在当前浏览上下文中, 中断正在执行脚本的时机. WebDriver创建新会话时, 将设置默认的超时时间为 30,000 .

Add Example

Page Load Timeout:

指定在当前浏览上下文中, 加载网页的时间间隔. WebDriver创建新会话时, 默认设置超时时间为 300,000 . 如果页面加载限制了给定 (或默认) 的时间范围, 则该脚本将被 TimeoutException 停止.

Add Example

Implicit Wait Timeout

指定在定位元素时, 等待隐式元素定位策略的时间. WebDriver创建新会话时, 将设置默认超时时间为 0 .

Add Example

unhandledPromptBehavior

指定当前会话 user prompt handler 的状态. 默认为 dismiss and notify state .

User Prompt Handler

这定义了在远端出现用户提示时必须采取的措施. 该行为由unhandledPromptBehavior 功能定义, 具有以下状态:

dismiss
accept
dismiss and notify
accept and notify
ignore

Add Example

setWindowRect

用于所有支持调整大小和重新定位命令的远程终端.

Add Example

strictFileInteractability

新功能用于是否对 类型为文件的输入(input type=file) 元素进行严格的交互性检查. 默认关闭严格性检查, 在将 元素的Send Keys 方法作用于隐藏的文件上传时, 会有控制方面的行为区别.

Add Example

proxy

代理服务器充当客户端和服务器之间的请求中介. 简述而言, 流量将通过代理服务器流向您请求的地址, 然后返回.

使用代理服务器用于Selenium的自动化脚本, 可能对以下方面有益:

捕获网络流量
模拟网站后端响应
在复杂的网络拓扑结构或严格的公司限制/政策下访问目标站点.

如果您在公司环境中, 并且浏览器无法连接到URL, 则最有可能是因为环境, 需要借助代理进行访问.

Selenium WebDriver提供了如下设置代理的方法

import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

public class ProxyTest {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
    proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>");
    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
    options.setCapability("proxy", proxy);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
    driver.get("https://www.google.com/");
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.quit();
  }
}

from selenium import webdriver

PROXY = "<HOST:PORT>"
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy'] = {
"httpProxy": PROXY,
"ftpProxy": PROXY,
"sslProxy": PROXY,
"proxyType": "MANUAL",

}

with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
    driver.get("https://selenium.dev")

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

public class ProxyTest{
public static void Main() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.Kind = ProxyKind.Manual;
proxy.IsAutoDetect = false;
proxy.SslProxy = "<HOST:PORT>";
options.Proxy = proxy;
options.AddArgument("ignore-certificate-errors");
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
}
}

# this code was written with Selenium 4

proxy = Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http: '<HOST:PORT>')
cap   = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome(proxy: proxy)

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, capabilities: cap)
driver.get('http://google.com')

let webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
let chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let proxy = require('selenium-webdriver/proxy');
let opts = new chrome.Options();

(async function example() {
opts.setProxy(proxy.manual({http: '<HOST:PORT>'}));
let driver = new webdriver.Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts)
.build();
try {
await driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
}());

import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

class proxyTest {
fun main() {

        val proxy = Proxy()
        proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>")
        val options = ChromeOptions()
        options.setCapability("proxy", proxy)
        val driver: WebDriver = ChromeDriver(options)
        driver["https://www.google.com/"]
        driver.manage().window().maximize()
        driver.quit()
    }
}

最后修改 September 12, 2023: update all the places where code needs to be moved into examples (b82db1dd56)

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浏览器选项

browserName

browserVersion

pageLoadStrategy

normal (默认值)

eager

none

platformName

acceptInsecureCerts

timeouts

Script Timeout:

Page Load Timeout:

Implicit Wait Timeout

unhandledPromptBehavior

User Prompt Handler

setWindowRect

strictFileInteractability

proxy

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